6. Verbs
6.1. Characteristics
6.2. Tenses
6.4. Combinations of moods
6.5. Conjugations
6.6. Verb "to be" (mantyálay)
6.7. Special verbs
6.7. Impersonal forms
6.8. Negative form
6.9. Verbal comparison
6.2. Tenses
6.4. Combinations of moods
6.5. Conjugations
6.6. Verb "to be" (mantyálay)
6.7. Special verbs
6.7. Impersonal forms
6.8. Negative form
6.9. Verbal comparison
6.3. Moods
6.3.1. Realis moods
These moods indicate that something is actually the case (or actually not the case); in other words, the state of which is known.
6.3.1.1. Indicative mood: it's used for factual statements. I am studying. – Anvèreirïška.
He studies every evening. – Jam anvèreirïške fesálï Sórim.
We are going to grandparents tomorrow. – Sána ástwarïšta čë haltaínasi.
I was studying yesterday. – Virín anvèreiliämi.
I was studying yesterday a lot. – Virín ást wàrom anvèreinte.
I was wet because I had forgotten my umbrella. –Antòrymï hàiřai, vojèray iàyoköbī lojnáçomeu.
Tutankhamen ruled around 1350 BC. –Tuteŋkámon su'Màřiasopäu váre eróde 1350 assélteselölu. (1350 – aşymmé lyáse-y-elúela)
Yes, I will study. – Tħáu, anvèreinädi.
Yes, I am going to study a lot. – Tħáu, háli wàrom anvèreimte.
I will study after I come home. – Anvèreinädi, sút ójivräu tħànğoj.
Four years ago no-one though Iwill become interested in languages. – Eróğäišlü síl~ö so'në-Solíjelüa, ñ-av iŋkóšöē-nó vánnæšiiš.
6.3.1.2. Generic mood: it's used to generalize about a particular class of things or when talking about a habit.
Snow is white. – Eléx antámato éyniymï.
I wake up every morning at seven o'clock AM. – Fesávï Sáāsa emávomöte làinaškö nusày.
6.3.1.1. Indicative mood: it's used for factual statements. I am studying. – Anvèreirïška.
He studies every evening. – Jam anvèreirïške fesálï Sórim.
We are going to grandparents tomorrow. – Sána ástwarïšta čë haltaínasi.
I was studying yesterday. – Virín anvèreiliämi.
I was studying yesterday a lot. – Virín ást wàrom anvèreinte.
I was wet because I had forgotten my umbrella. –Antòrymï hàiřai, vojèray iàyoköbī lojnáçomeu.
Tutankhamen ruled around 1350 BC. –Tuteŋkámon su'Màřiasopäu váre eróde 1350 assélteselölu. (1350 – aşymmé lyáse-y-elúela)
Yes, I will study. – Tħáu, anvèreinädi.
Yes, I am going to study a lot. – Tħáu, háli wàrom anvèreimte.
I will study after I come home. – Anvèreinädi, sút ójivräu tħànğoj.
Four years ago no-one though Iwill become interested in languages. – Eróğäišlü síl~ö so'në-Solíjelüa, ñ-av iŋkóšöē-nó vánnæšiiš.
6.3.1.2. Generic mood: it's used to generalize about a particular class of things or when talking about a habit.
Snow is white. – Eléx antámato éyniymï.
I wake up every morning at seven o'clock AM. – Fesávï Sáāsa emávomöte làinaškö nusày.
6.3.2. Irrealis moods
These moods indicate that something is not actually the case, such as necessity, possibility, requirement, wish or desire, command, fear, doubt, or as part of counter-factual reasoning, etc.
6.3.2.1. Subjunctive mood: it's used to express (personal) opinions, beliefs, emotions and advices. It's almost always used as a dependent clause, except in some special idioms. But the subjunctive mood does not express surprises and doubts.
They are afraid I will fall over the cliff. –Enakírëšte, kå síltorā dö Mòrevode.
Maybe he thinks we have already left. – J-ái so'Solíjeriëi, kå ñà léčeštïčī.
6.3.2.2. Conditional mood: it's used to speak of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, bur not exclusively, in conditional sentences. Conditional mood is also used for indirect requests/commands that can be refused (if we're impolite). In some cases the conditional mood is used for saying rhetorical questions. I would really like to have that book. – Y-áni nálme lítamatti sívïye Nàřada.
Would you close the door, please? – Inávëifi ampásuyeu, ináko?
Who would dare to go there? – Sél~ö watášäivi ástwaviy álkon?
The conditional mood is also used in “if” sentences but only as the main clause, the clause with “if” is in optative mood.I would buy this book if I had money. – Póvïye Nàřada talívöini, váme líelatkïno màirase.
6.3.2.3. Optative moods: there are three optative moods in Laefèvæšii – optative I, optative II and optative III. Each of these optatives has different usage and meaning.
6.3.2.3.1. Optative mood I:
> This optative is used with the conditional mood in the “if” sentences.I would buy this book if I had money. – Póvïye Nàřada talívöini, váme líelatkïno màirase.
> Optative I can express wishes and hopes. It's used as a dependent clause. Such sentences begin with something like “I wish …”, “I hope …”.
I wish she wouldn't have said that. – Áloröška tiäi, ñ-ollókvïmōe pólïfa.
> Optative I can also express commands/requests that cannot be refused. The “optative I” is used instead of imperative mood only because of politeness or formality.
Could you two stop talking, please? – Kasíkvänoi-vó tétal, ináko?
> The fourth example of the usage of the “optative I” are phrases like “if I'm (not) mistaken”, “who knows”, “who would know” and so on.
She has 20 years, if I'm not mistaken. – 20 eróğëi líelerëške, váne kóvitkïno. (20 – vrála)
Maybe they had an accident, who knows. – R-ái líeliřiëi aşóneida, sél so'Savétkïnoe.
6.3.2.3.2. Optative mood II: this optative expresses wishes, indirect commands, guesses, explanations, etc.
Tell him to study. – Ollóerï te, anvèreirïšeu.
Shall I do it tomorrow? – Ovátterïšīo sána?
Let your eyebrows are heavy … – Antàřešeu mly-yêrvenäs sehváymïs …
6.3.2.3.3. Optative mood III: this optative expresses guesses, explanations, assumptions, intentions, etc. Mostly is used in cases when (in English) the word “suppose to” is used.You were supposed to bring it! – S-íla t-ôllentařïšēu!
6.3.2.4. Presumptive mood: it's used to show (pre)supposition or hypothesis.
Maybe he thinks we have already left. – J-ái so'Solíjeriëi, kå ñà léčeštïčī.
Maybe they had an accident. – R-ái líeliřiëi aşóneida.
We can't go, maybe she will think we don't like her! – Ástwānï-ví-n, iöi j-ói so'Solíjegiëi, ñè p-eŝómneičā!
6.3.2.5. Potential mood: indicates that, in the opinion of speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely.
He is probably ill. – Antékileā nigèymï.
It was probably me! – Antekiláāi ays!
They probably won't done it. – Ováttawelëa.
6.3.2.6. Admirative mood: it's used to express surprise, but also doubt, irony, sarcasm, metaphors, etc.
Oh, look who is coming! – Òi, kínierï, sél yátiliñäu!
What a lovely weather we have! (it's raining) – Vréumïla ipráymïla ñawàneu líelaleñäu!
You are like a tiger. – Sys antéliñäe Sómantäna.
She passed it?! –Ováttetiynätu?!
I doubt you two won't get hurt. – Wásuoröška, ñ-enítlanoĥiñäē.
6.3.2.7. Imperative mood: expresses direct commands, requests and prohibitions. But when being polite, it's better to use conditional mood or optative mood II.
Come back here! – Ójoamï vétta! (2PLURAL)
Andrew, write the letter! – Andrèyo, isíenvierï sáiida!
Let's go! – Ástwānï!
Don't touch it! –Moróyōheï! (2DUAL)
6.3.2.8. Inferencial mood: it's used to express witnessing or non-witnessing to the action. But this mood is rarely used, mostly when you want to stressed that you witnessed, or not, the action.
Zoséoĥolöemău lók-séttada.– I personally saw that the new road was built (because I've already driven there).
Zoséoĥolöetău lók-séttada.– I saw through media that the new road was built (and I haven't seen it personally).
Zoséoĥolöenău lók-séttada. – I personally read (in a newspaper …) that the new road was built.
Zoséoĥolöehău lók-séttada. – I heard that the new road was build because someone told me.
Zoséoĥolöedău lók-séttada. – I'm not sure if I saw or heard that the new road was built.
Zoséoĥolöebău nlók-séttada. – I'm not sure if I saw or read that the new road was built.
More complex sentences:
Zoséoĥoĥeñätumău lók-séttada. – I'm surprised because I personally saw (because I've driven there) that the new road was built.
Ípa zoséoĥolëšeuhău lók-séttada. – I heard from someone that the new road is/will supposed to be built.
6.3.2.1. Subjunctive mood: it's used to express (personal) opinions, beliefs, emotions and advices. It's almost always used as a dependent clause, except in some special idioms. But the subjunctive mood does not express surprises and doubts.
They are afraid I will fall over the cliff. –Enakírëšte, kå síltorā dö Mòrevode.
Maybe he thinks we have already left. – J-ái so'Solíjeriëi, kå ñà léčeštïčī.
6.3.2.2. Conditional mood: it's used to speak of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, bur not exclusively, in conditional sentences. Conditional mood is also used for indirect requests/commands that can be refused (if we're impolite). In some cases the conditional mood is used for saying rhetorical questions. I would really like to have that book. – Y-áni nálme lítamatti sívïye Nàřada.
Would you close the door, please? – Inávëifi ampásuyeu, ináko?
Who would dare to go there? – Sél~ö watášäivi ástwaviy álkon?
The conditional mood is also used in “if” sentences but only as the main clause, the clause with “if” is in optative mood.I would buy this book if I had money. – Póvïye Nàřada talívöini, váme líelatkïno màirase.
6.3.2.3. Optative moods: there are three optative moods in Laefèvæšii – optative I, optative II and optative III. Each of these optatives has different usage and meaning.
6.3.2.3.1. Optative mood I:
> This optative is used with the conditional mood in the “if” sentences.I would buy this book if I had money. – Póvïye Nàřada talívöini, váme líelatkïno màirase.
> Optative I can express wishes and hopes. It's used as a dependent clause. Such sentences begin with something like “I wish …”, “I hope …”.
I wish she wouldn't have said that. – Áloröška tiäi, ñ-ollókvïmōe pólïfa.
> Optative I can also express commands/requests that cannot be refused. The “optative I” is used instead of imperative mood only because of politeness or formality.
Could you two stop talking, please? – Kasíkvänoi-vó tétal, ináko?
> The fourth example of the usage of the “optative I” are phrases like “if I'm (not) mistaken”, “who knows”, “who would know” and so on.
She has 20 years, if I'm not mistaken. – 20 eróğëi líelerëške, váne kóvitkïno. (20 – vrála)
Maybe they had an accident, who knows. – R-ái líeliřiëi aşóneida, sél so'Savétkïnoe.
6.3.2.3.2. Optative mood II: this optative expresses wishes, indirect commands, guesses, explanations, etc.
Tell him to study. – Ollóerï te, anvèreirïšeu.
Shall I do it tomorrow? – Ovátterïšīo sána?
Let your eyebrows are heavy … – Antàřešeu mly-yêrvenäs sehváymïs …
6.3.2.3.3. Optative mood III: this optative expresses guesses, explanations, assumptions, intentions, etc. Mostly is used in cases when (in English) the word “suppose to” is used.You were supposed to bring it! – S-íla t-ôllentařïšēu!
6.3.2.4. Presumptive mood: it's used to show (pre)supposition or hypothesis.
Maybe he thinks we have already left. – J-ái so'Solíjeriëi, kå ñà léčeštïčī.
Maybe they had an accident. – R-ái líeliřiëi aşóneida.
We can't go, maybe she will think we don't like her! – Ástwānï-ví-n, iöi j-ói so'Solíjegiëi, ñè p-eŝómneičā!
6.3.2.5. Potential mood: indicates that, in the opinion of speaker, the action or occurrence is considered likely.
He is probably ill. – Antékileā nigèymï.
It was probably me! – Antekiláāi ays!
They probably won't done it. – Ováttawelëa.
6.3.2.6. Admirative mood: it's used to express surprise, but also doubt, irony, sarcasm, metaphors, etc.
Oh, look who is coming! – Òi, kínierï, sél yátiliñäu!
What a lovely weather we have! (it's raining) – Vréumïla ipráymïla ñawàneu líelaleñäu!
You are like a tiger. – Sys antéliñäe Sómantäna.
She passed it?! –Ováttetiynätu?!
I doubt you two won't get hurt. – Wásuoröška, ñ-enítlanoĥiñäē.
6.3.2.7. Imperative mood: expresses direct commands, requests and prohibitions. But when being polite, it's better to use conditional mood or optative mood II.
Come back here! – Ójoamï vétta! (2PLURAL)
Andrew, write the letter! – Andrèyo, isíenvierï sáiida!
Let's go! – Ástwānï!
Don't touch it! –Moróyōheï! (2DUAL)
6.3.2.8. Inferencial mood: it's used to express witnessing or non-witnessing to the action. But this mood is rarely used, mostly when you want to stressed that you witnessed, or not, the action.
Zoséoĥolöemău lók-séttada.– I personally saw that the new road was built (because I've already driven there).
Zoséoĥolöetău lók-séttada.– I saw through media that the new road was built (and I haven't seen it personally).
Zoséoĥolöenău lók-séttada. – I personally read (in a newspaper …) that the new road was built.
Zoséoĥolöehău lók-séttada. – I heard that the new road was build because someone told me.
Zoséoĥolöedău lók-séttada. – I'm not sure if I saw or heard that the new road was built.
Zoséoĥolöebău nlók-séttada. – I'm not sure if I saw or read that the new road was built.
More complex sentences:
Zoséoĥoĥeñätumău lók-séttada. – I'm surprised because I personally saw (because I've driven there) that the new road was built.
Ípa zoséoĥolëšeuhău lók-séttada. – I heard from someone that the new road is/will supposed to be built.
